The Gastrointestinal
Encyclopedia
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
The 
Dictionary
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the GASTROLAB Digestive Dictionary
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Obstipation See constipation Octreotide A somatostatin analogue frequently used in the treatment of carcinoid tumours and can control symptoms of this disease in up to 70% of the patients by inhibiting the gastrointestinal hormone production. Odynophagia Pain on swallowing Oesophageal manometry An examination used to access the function of the oesophagus, including the upper and lower oesophageal sphincter. Diseases like achalasia, diffuse oesophageal spasm, nutcracker oesophagus, disorders caused by reflux disease and scleroderma can be reliably diagnosed by this examination.
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 Oesophageal pseudovarices |
Oesophageal pseudovarices are prominent dilated veins in the upper part of the oesophagus, resembling varices secondary to liver disease, which usually are located in the distal part of the oesophagus. Pseudovarices do not have any clinical significance and no treatment is indicated, however it is important to differentiate these from real varices.
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Oesophageal Squamocellular Papilloma See Oesohageal Squamous Papillomas
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 A squamous papilloma in the upper part of the oesophagus |
Oesophageal Squamous Papillomas or Squamocellular Papillomas are small benign polypoid lesions, which seldom produce any symptoms and therefore often are found incidentally. There is a very small risk of cancer development so these papillomas should usually be removed at least when found in a young patient.
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 Oesophageal tuberculosis |
Oesophageal tuberculosis has been considered to be a very rare disease. Almost every other organ of our body is more readily infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis than the oesophagus. Less than 1 % of all cases of tuberculosis involve the oesophagus. There have been descriptions of three types of tuberculous oesophagitis, the ulcerative type, the hypertrophic or hyperplastic type and the granular type. The pictures above represent the ulcerative type, which is the most common type. Pain when swallowing, odynophagia, is the typical symptom of this type. Modern multidrug tuberculosis treatment usually cure this disease.
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Oesophagitis Inflammation in the oesophagus. The inflammation can be diagnosed by endoscopy and by histologic examination of oesophageal biopsies. Many patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease do not have endoscopic signs of oesophagitis.
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 Oesophagitis and oesophageal ulceration due to the use of Alendronate |
Oesophagitis, drug induced Many drugs taken orally can cause oesophagitis, for example doxicycline, potassium-preparations, iron tablets, NSAID´s and alendronate, a drug used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Potassium chloride and alendronate typically causes ulcerations and stricture formation. Taking the medicine at bed-time, any previous disease interferring with the transit in the oesophagus and using too little water are risk factors.
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 Acute necrotizing oesophagitis |
Oesophagitis, acute necrotizing, is a severe condition rarely seen in elderly most often seriously ill patients. The etiology of this disease is thought to be an ischemic injury and/or a serious infection. The main symptoms are painful swallowing and bleeding, hematemesis. This condition can occur in the postoperative period, in patients with metastatic cancer and it might be associated with some drug treatment. After healing oesophageal strictures are often seen. The oesophageal wall often darkens, hence the name "black oesophagus". Lye ingestion, acanthosis nigricans and primary pigmented melanoma are the main differential diagnoses.
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 A severe reflux oesophagitis |
Oesophagitis, reflux Inflammation in the oesophagus due to reflux of acid stomach content. Reflux - also called peptic - oesophagitis is the most common pathological finding in the oesophagus. The severity of the disease is nowadays mainly classified according to the Los Angeles classification. The main symtoms are acid regurgitation and heart burn, but many patients complain of angina pectoris-like chest pain or respiratory troubles. Reflux oesophagitis is treated by changes in life style (weight reduction, avoidance of coffee and tobacco and so on), medical therapy mainly by Proton pump inhibitors or sometimes surgery.
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OFG (Abbr) Orophacial granulomatosis Ogilvie´s Syndrome False obstruction of the colon, giving signs and symptoms of large bowel obstruction without any real organic reason. This syndrome was initially described by H Ogilvie ein 1948, and he suggested that the syndrome was caused by a deprivation of the sympathetic nerves. OMED Organisation Mondiale d´Endoscopie Digestive (the World Organization of Digestive Endoscopy) Omeprazole test Giving a test dose of 80 mg of omeprazole to a patient with unexplained chest pain, in order to find out if reflux disease is the cause of the pain. Introduced in 1992. OMGE (Abbr) Organisation Mondiale de Gastro-Enterologie (the World Organization of Gastroentelogy) Onco- (pre) Tumor- Oncogene A gene causing or contributing to cancer Onkos (Gre) Tumor Ono´s sign Coughing when swallowing liquids when upright och lying on one side, due to an oesophagorespiratory fistula. Oppenheimer, Gordon D An american physician who together with Burrill B. Crohn and Leon Ginzburg in 1931 published an article about termnal ileitis, a disease since then known as Crohn´s disease. Opisthorchiasis (Cat liver fluke) Infection by one of the liver flukes, Opisthorchis felineus or Opisthorchis viverrini, in the intra- and or extra-hepatic bile ducts. This infectionocxcur in the southern Europe and in Siberia, and it is quite common in some parts of the former USSR. The viverrini-type is found in Thailand and Laos. Longterm infection can cause biliary symptoms, some time severe cholangitis. Treatment with praziquantel is used, and in mild or moderately severe infections the prognosis is good. Oriental cholangiohepatitis An inflammation in the liver and bile ducts caused by infection with Clonorchis sinenis, a liver fluke. The infection carries an elevated risk of cholangiocarcinoma, cancer in the bile ducts. Oro- (pre) Concerning the mouth Orofacial granulomatosis A syndrome the typical presentations of which are swelling of the lips and oral tissue, and the face, with histologic finding of granulomatous inflammation in these regions. This syndrome can be a manifestation of Crohn´s disease. Oropharyngeal dysphagia Swallowing difficulty, where initiating the swallowing reflex is the main problem. Neurological disorders (e.g. stroke) kan cause this type of dysphagia. ORS Oral Rehydration Solution, a solution used in the treatment of diarrhea in order to treat and prevent dehydration. Orthorexia nervosa A newly identified eating disorder, where the patient has an unhealthy fixation on eating healthy food. This condition, identified by dr Steven Bratman, USA, in 1997, is probably as common as the other eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Osler´s disease A hereditary syndrome causing multiple telangiectasias on the skin and in the mucosa of mainly the gastrointestinal channel. Osm (Abbr) Osmole(s) Osteoma Benign tumour-like bony growths in the skeletal system, most frequently however in the skull and the mandible. Osteomas are a typical finding in Gardner´s syndrome, a subgroup of the familial adenomatous polyposis-syndrome. Osteoporosis A skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tisse, with an increased risk of fractures. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the main form of primary osteoporosis. Secundary osteoporosis may be do to coeliac disease. Cortison therapy over 6 months can cause osteoporosis. Ostomy An artificial, surgically created, temporary or permanent opening between an internal organ (for example the intestine) and the body surface. Typical ostomies are ileostomy (an opening between the distal small bowel and the skin) and colostomy (an opening between the large bowel and the skin). Synonym: Stoma OTC-drug "Over the counter"-drug, a drug that can be bought in a pharmacy without any prescription Ounce Weight measure, measuring mass. 1 ounce is 28.35 grams. 1 g is 0.0353 ounces. Out-patient A patient that is treated in a hospital without being admitted to a bed in a hospital ward. Overlap syndrome A chronic liver disease with features resembling both autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary corrhosis.
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 Three pinworms seen by a videoendscope in the colon ascendens
Oxyuris vermicularis, pinworm (also called Enterobius vermicularis), is an intestinal roundworm endemic in both temperate and tropical regions and common especially in schoolage children. It is especially common in group living conditions. The pinworm can be found in the caecum and colon. Anal pruritus is the most common symtom, but the infection can be associated with abdominal pain. The adult female pinworm is about 10 millimeters long, the male pinworm is much smaller. The female worm lays eggs in the perianal region, and the worm is transmitted from person to person via the infected persons hands, or by bedclothes. Enterobius vermicularis can be treated with several antihelminthic drugs, e.g. pyrantel pamoate, pyrvinium pamoate or mebendazole. |
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December 9, 2011
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